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The North Pole no longer wanders - it runs
#1
Gentlemen,  below is the translation from German into English of some interesting fact. Hope, you will find it  useful. The translation of the article in the following post was  done by Google, therefore there are quite a few  strange sentences.  But I hope the main content is decipherable.


Magnetic field shiftThe North Pole no longer wanders - it runs
The magnetic field of the earth always seems to be constant. But in truth, it's changing so fast that researchers have to act now.
 
JAN BERNDORFF
[/url]
[Image: 1-format6001.jpg?inIsFirst=true]
More articles


The magnetic north pole moves from Canada to Siberia. GRAPHICS: NATURE / TSP / BÖTTCHER

January 30, geophysicists from the United States and the United Kingdom have decided to take an unusual, world-wide step: prematurely update the World Magnetic Model. If they did not do it, pilots, ship captains, and even Google Maps users would soon stupidly look out of bed if their GPS ever fails.
display

display


This has to do with the cause of the magnetic field: it is caused by movements in the interior of the earth. From the solid, up to 5000 degrees hot core of iron and nickel heat rises and leads in the outer, liquid core, which is also largely made of iron, to convection currents. Material penetrates outward, cools down again and sinks back into deeper layers. Because of the earth's rotation, there are also lateral movements. And because the material is electrically conductive, it forms the magnetic field around our home planet.
Since the 90s, the North Pole has been traveling 50 kilometers a year


"The circulation can be imagined as boiling water in a pot," says Achim Morschhauser, research associate at the geomagnetic observatory Niemegk of the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ) in Potsdam. "The heat rises from below and keeps everything moving, and the magnetic field lines are coupled to these movements, and like spaghetti that you throw into the boiling water, they are constantly being moved."
It is a dynamic system with many irregularities, in which movements alternate again and again with countermovements. In extreme cases, there is even a complete reversal: the magnetic north pole then becomes the south pole and vice versa. Strictly speaking, the North Pole is actually a South Pole in magnetic terms. On average, this occurs every 250,000 years, as revealed by analyzes of magnetized iron particles in old rock layers. The last umpolung of the earth is already 780.000 years ago - the next one appears overdue.
Perhaps the rage of the North Pole is even a harbinger for it. While traveling ten to fifteen kilometers a year during the twentieth century, traveling from northern Canada relatively straightforward across the Arctic Sea to eastern Siberia, he has accelerated to more than 50 kilometers per year since the 1990s. But that does not have to be reversed. Some researchers also believe that the cause of his haste is a horizontal stream of liquid iron more than 400 kilometers wide, which was discovered 3,000 years ago by Canada and Russia two years ago and is traveling Europe at a good 40 kilometers per year - three times faster than the material usually flows in the outer core.
Little is known about the interior of the earth
"Theoretically, the pole can also change its direction of movement at any time, as it did several times in the 19th century," says Achim Morschhauser. "That's the problem: we do not know enough about the convection currents in the Earth's core to anticipate such effects."
Actually, research on the interior of the earth is still less known than that of the sun. Similarly unforeseen, so-called geomagnetic impulses can occur, comparatively sudden peaks in the circulation in the earth's core. Like particularly large blubber bubbles in the saucepan, these outbreaks cause severe disturbances of the Earth's magnetic field.


Other distortions are of longer duration: Already for nearly 200 years - Alexander von Humboldt noted that - we know that the magnetic field over the South Atlantic, including South America and South Africa, is particularly weak. Satellites that fly over this region - but also living beings on the ground - are thereby exposed to increased radiation from space. Experts call this the "South Atlantic Anomaly". Like the acceleration of the North Pole, it could also announce a reversal in polarity . But she does not have to. Often, the magnetic field has recovered from such periods of weakness.
Normally, the model is updated only every five years
In any case, such effects cause geophysicists to prematurely update their model . Usually they do this every five years: the model describes the current state and calculates how the field evolves in the following years - where, for example, the North Pole will move. To do this, the researchers use data from satellites and terrestrial observatories scattered around the globe.
"But the forecasts are linear," says Morschhauser. "If there is a short-term anomaly in between, the forecast is wrong." For example, in 2016, just a year after the researchers last updated their model, there was a strong geomagnetic impetus in South America that diverges from actual forecasting. "Since then, the error has become bigger and bigger," says Arnaud Chaulliat of the University of Boulder Colorado, who works on the world magnet model, the journal " Nature ".
more on the subject

Swarm ofsatellites"Swarm" is to measure the weakening magnetic field

[img=225x0]https://www.tagesspiegel.de/images/heprodimagesfotos87120131121swarm_constellation-jpg/9104952/2-format3010.jpg[/img]
[url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/satellitenschwarm-swarm-soll-schwaechelndes-magnetfeld-vermessen/9104940.html]
Ralf Nestler

Now the threshold of tolerance has been reached. The leaders of the world magnet model must act. Otherwise, the deviations in the navigation become so great that a pilot from the USA would land in Luckenwalde on a transatlantic flight by compass bearing rather than in Berlin.


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#2
Of course it has always moved but now appears to be accelerating. I found a few years ago that the declination of my old yopo maps was off by 2 or 3 degrees. It will be interesting to see what happens in the future.
I used to be a normal person, then I discovered how to locate myself on this planet using a star.
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#3
This is fascinating! Part of Amundsen's Northwest Passage expedition (1903-1906) was to find the position of the Magnetic North Pole in which they were successful- near Boothia Peninsula. It had been assumed that the Magnetic Pole moved from Ross's discovery of it in 1831.

From Rumata's excellent article I'm left speechless in considering the dynamics of the Earth. The Magnetic Pole moves?! Incredible! In a straight line for so many years?

I've read that compasses used in the Northern Hemisphere will not work in the Southern Hemisphere because of needle "dip"- the needle wanting to point down to the surface of the place where you are.

Nice article, Rumata, many thanks.

Fred
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#4
(02-09-2019, 01:30 AM)Fred_B Wrote: This is fascinating!  Part of Amundsen's Northwest Passage expedition (1903-1906) was to find the position of the Magnetic North Pole in which they were successful- near Boothia Peninsula.  It had been assumed that the Magnetic Pole moved from Ross's discovery of it in 1831.

From Rumata's excellent article I'm left speechless in considering the dynamics of the Earth.  The Magnetic Pole moves?!  Incredible!  In a straight line for so many years?  

I've read that compasses used in the Northern Hemisphere will not work in the Southern Hemisphere because of needle "dip"- the needle wanting to point down to the surface of the place where you are.

Nice article, Rumata, many thanks.

Fred

Thank you, Fred, but I just took the article from the German newspaper, used Google for a very rough translation into English and made very light editing.  But you are right- the Magnetic Pole tendency in moving THIS way is just astonishing.  We live in a very interesting times. 

On the other subject:  I read  some stuff about Great Amundsen, ( you've mentioned him) really one of the greatest explorers. And quite recently I read about his first winter experience in Hardarregviddo ( or something like this) -which almost 100 km long high mountain plateau west of Oslo .  In, I think, 1895 he and his brother made first cross country ski trek across this Moon-like landscape  taking with them just very heavy sleeping bags (instead of  2 days it took them 8).  Rual's ability to take bearings and find the way in the total whiteout helped him a lot in his future trip to Antarctica.  And instead of forgetting not very cheerful  experience and return to a normal life, he strengthened his desire to become an Arctic explorer.  And when anyone just compare his preparation to run to the South Pole and Robert Scott' preparation for the same-  the difference was very simple: life and success vs extreme misery and death.  

I know it has nothing to do with celestial navigation and sight reduction in particular, but our knowledge in navigation came from people who turned their practical , real life/death experience in methods and formulas we are still using.  And am sure will use always.
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#5
Nice work Rumata. Interesting, isn't it, that the magnetic pole is getting closer to Polar North. That the earth is one huge electro-magnet is astounding.
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#6
(02-19-2019, 01:52 AM)c_davidson Wrote: Nice work Rumata.  Interesting, isn't it, that the magnetic pole is getting closer to Polar North.  That the earth is one huge electro-magnet is astounding.

Thank you, c_davidson!  Agree with your view on the Earth like one big electro-magnet.  I'm not a geophysisyst, but based on the limited number of works I've read I got a very strong opinion, that there is no real deep knowledge of  what is going on in the core.  Yes, molten metal at a very high temperature and constantly moving.  And this temperature sustained by what?  Radioactive decay? In middle 50s last century French scientists discovered  kind of a shutdowned natural nuclear reactor in Gabon, Africa.  Eons ago a sustained chain reaction took place  over there.  Why did I bring this example?  Because otherwise we can't explain the presence of byproducts of the typical nuclear reactor activity over there.   Looks like we don't have another explanation. May be there is none.  But anyway, if one thinks for a moment that all our navigational methods are based on the temper of that molten liquid core-well, kind of a feeling when flying in a plane piloted by microchip.  Without a pilot.  So far it is fun.  And who cares about the future?  Enjoying every day is the best policy.
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#7
(01-30-2019, 07:18 AM)Rumata Wrote: Gentlemen,  below is the translation from German into English of some interesting fact. Hope, you will find it  useful. The translation of the article in the following post was  done by Google, therefore there are quite a few  strange sentences.  But I hope the main content is decipherable.


Magnetic field shiftThe North Pole no longer wanders - it runs
The magnetic field of the earth always seems to be constant. But in truth, it's changing so fast that researchers have to act now.
 
JAN BERNDORFF
[/url]
[Image: 1-format6001.jpg?inIsFirst=true]
More articles


The magnetic north pole moves from Canada to Siberia. GRAPHICS: NATURE / TSP / BÖTTCHER

January 30, geophysicists from the United States and the United Kingdom have decided to take an unusual, world-wide step: prematurely update the World Magnetic Model. If they did not do it, pilots, ship captains, and even Google Maps users would soon stupidly look out of bed if their GPS ever fails.
display

display


This has to do with the cause of the magnetic field: it is caused by movements in the interior of the earth. From the solid, up to 5000 degrees hot core of iron and nickel heat rises and leads in the outer, liquid core, which is also largely made of iron, to convection currents. Material penetrates outward, cools down again and sinks back into deeper layers. Because of the earth's rotation, there are also lateral movements. And because the material is electrically conductive, it forms the magnetic field around our home planet.
Since the 90s, the North Pole has been traveling 50 kilometers a year


"The circulation can be imagined as boiling water in a pot," says Achim Morschhauser, research associate at the geomagnetic observatory Niemegk of the German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ) in Potsdam. "The heat rises from below and keeps everything moving, and the magnetic field lines are coupled to these movements, and like spaghetti that you throw into the boiling water, they are constantly being moved."
It is a dynamic system with many irregularities, in which movements alternate again and again with countermovements. In extreme cases, there is even a complete reversal: the magnetic north pole then becomes the south pole and vice versa. Strictly speaking, the North Pole is actually a South Pole in magnetic terms. On average, this occurs every 250,000 years, as revealed by analyzes of magnetized iron particles in old rock layers. The last umpolung of the earth is already 780.000 years ago - the next one appears overdue.
Perhaps the rage of the North Pole is even a harbinger for it. While traveling ten to fifteen kilometers a year during the twentieth century, traveling from northern Canada relatively straightforward across the Arctic Sea to eastern Siberia, he has accelerated to more than 50 kilometers per year since the 1990s. But that does not have to be reversed. Some researchers also believe that the cause of his haste is a horizontal stream of liquid iron more than 400 kilometers wide, which was discovered 3,000 years ago by Canada and Russia two years ago and is traveling Europe at a good 40 kilometers per year - three times faster than the material usually flows in the outer core.
Little is known about the interior of the earth
"Theoretically, the pole can also change its direction of movement at any time, as it did several times in the 19th century," says Achim Morschhauser. "That's the problem: we do not know enough about the convection currents in the Earth's core to anticipate such effects."
Actually, research on the interior of the earth is still less known than that of the sun. Similarly unforeseen, so-called geomagnetic impulses can occur, comparatively sudden peaks in the circulation in the earth's core. Like particularly large blubber bubbles in the saucepan, these outbreaks cause severe disturbances of the Earth's magnetic field.


Other distortions are of longer duration: Already for nearly 200 years - Alexander von Humboldt noted that - we know that the magnetic field over the South Atlantic, including South America and South Africa, is particularly weak. Satellites that fly over this region - but also living beings on the ground - are thereby exposed to increased radiation from space. Experts call this the "South Atlantic Anomaly". Like the acceleration of the North Pole, it could also announce a reversal in polarity . But she does not have to. Often, the magnetic field has recovered from such periods of weakness.
Normally, the model is updated only every five years
In any case, such effects cause geophysicists to prematurely update their model . Usually they do this every five years: the model describes the current state and calculates how the field evolves in the following years - where, for example, the North Pole will move. To do this, the researchers use data from satellites and terrestrial observatories scattered around the globe.
"But the forecasts are linear," says Morschhauser. "If there is a short-term anomaly in between, the forecast is wrong." For example, in 2016, just a year after the researchers last updated their model, there was a strong geomagnetic impetus in South America that diverges from actual forecasting. "Since then, the error has become bigger and bigger," says Arnaud Chaulliat of the University of Boulder Colorado, who works on the world magnet model, the journal " Nature ".
more on the subject

Swarm ofsatellites"Swarm" is to measure the weakening magnetic field

[img=225x0]https://www.tagesspiegel.de/images/heprodimagesfotos87120131121swarm_constellation-jpg/9104952/2-format3010.jpg[/img]
[url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/satellitenschwarm-swarm-soll-schwaechelndes-magnetfeld-vermessen/9104940.html]
Ralf Nestler

Now the threshold of tolerance has been reached. The leaders of the world magnet model must act. Otherwise, the deviations in the navigation become so great that a pilot from the USA would land in Luckenwalde on a transatlantic flight by compass bearing rather than in Berlin.


Is this from a reliable source? Because it is, for the most part, alarmist nonsense.
The earth's magnetic field is in a constant state of flux. This is well understood and not surprising. There is no reason for the axis of the earth's magnetic field to align with its axis of rotation - if it ever has or ever does it is by pure coincidence. Whilst the rate of change cannot be accurately predicted, it is known and understood and aircraft will not fall out of the sky, or get lost on their way to Berlin, as a result of a degree's change every few years.
Navigational charts of a particular area report the magnetic variation at that location for the year of publication, along with an estimate of rate of change. Clearly this estimate is based on past experience so cannot be used ad infinitum; if you are using a chart more than a few years old you will need to update the correct value of variation from other sources - the almanac downloaded to your GPS is one such - but even in the absence of such up to date information, the difference between the actual variation and that predicted from the old chart information is unlikely to be if any great significance, particularly as your compass is likely only graduated in 5º increments and your helmsman unable to steer within 10º!

Oh - and neither are compasses rendered useless by southern hemisphere dip.
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#8
I can't guarantee the reliability or trustfulness of the source.  But I'm respectfully disagree that this article is alarmist  nonsense.  Without entering in the fruitless discussion  ( as you correctly  said,  the whole situation with alignment can be  just a coincidence) nevertheless there  are cases when the difference can  be quite substantial. Am sure you are aware of it.  The example  with a plane flight in the text  of the article just a pure exaggeration, the way I see it.  

My  point is simple-the purpose of the article just awarness.  Nothing alarming.  One reads it to one own consideration.  Like triple digit  temperature in California  does not mean Farroe islands will turn into  Kalimantan. 

Respectfully
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